Diabetic Neuropathy Types & Symptoms | Dr. Ananda Sagari

Introduction :

Diabetic neuropathy is a serious and common complication of diabetes, affecting up to 50% of diabetic patients over time. Dr. Ananda Sagari, a consultant Family Physician and Diabetologist working at KIMS Hospital, Gachibowli, and Apollo Medical Center Kondapur, has over 13 years of clinical experience in the field of family medicine and diabetology. In this article, we will delve deeply into the types and symptoms of diabetic neuropathy, providing valuable insights for patients and caregivers alike.

What is Diabetic Neuropathy?

Diabetic neuropathy is a type of nerve damage that can occur in people with diabetes. High blood sugar levels can injure nerves throughout the body, but diabetic neuropathy most often damages nerves in the legs and feet. Depending on the affected nerves, symptoms can range from pain and numbness in the extremities to problems with the digestive system, urinary tract, blood vessels, and heart.

Types of Diabetic Neuropathy :

There are four main types of diabetic neuropathy:

1. Peripheral Neuropathy :

Peripheral neuropathy is the most common form of diabetic neuropathy. It primarily affects the feet and legs, followed by the hands and arms.

Symptoms include:

• Numbness or reduced ability to feel pain or temperature changes
• Tingling or burning sensation
• Sharp pains or cramps
• Increased sensitivity to touch
• Muscle weakness
• Loss of reflexes, especially in the ankle
• Loss of balance and coordination
• Serious foot problems, such as ulcers, infections, and bone and joint pain

2. Autonomic Neuropathy :

Autonomic neuropathy affects the autonomic nervous system, which controls various body functions such as digestion, heart rate, and blood pressure.

Symptoms include:

• Bladder and bowel problems
• Sexual dysfunction
• Difficulty regulating body temperature
• Changes in the way your eyes adjust from light to dark
• Increased or decreased sweating
• Blood pressure drops sharply after sitting or standing, which can cause dizziness or fainting
• Problems with the digestive system, such as feeling full after eating small amounts of food, difficulty swallowing, bloating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation

3. Proximal Neuropathy (Diabetic Polyradiculopathy) :

Proximal neuropathy affects the nerves in the thighs, hips, buttocks, or legs. It is more common in people with type 2 diabetes and older adults.

Symptoms include:

• Sudden, severe pain in your hip and thigh or buttock
• Weakness and atrophy in the thigh muscles
• Difficulty rising from a sitting position
• Severe stomach pain

4. Focal Neuropathy (Mononeuropathy) :

Focal neuropathy affects specific nerves, most often in the head, torso, or leg. It is less common than peripheral or autonomic neuropathy.

Symptoms include:

• Severe pain in a specific area, such as the lower back or pelvis
• Pain in the front of your thigh
• Chest or abdominal pain
• Weakness in a specific muscle, such as one in the eye, causing double vision or drooping eyelids
• Bell’s palsy, a type of facial paralysis
• Carpal tunnel syndrome, causing numbness or tingling in your fingers or hand, sometimes extending to your elbow

Recognizing the Early Symptoms of Diabetic Neuropathy :

Early detection of diabetic neuropathy can prevent severe complications. Here are some early signs to watch out for:

• Tingling or numbness: A feeling of “pins and needles” in your extremities.
• Burning sensations: A burning pain in your feet or legs, particularly at night.
• Sharp pains or cramps: Sudden, stabbing pains in your muscles.
• Sensitivity to touch: Even a light touch can cause pain or discomfort.
• Muscle weakness: Difficulty moving or muscle weakness, especially in the feet.
• Balance problems: Trouble maintaining your balance when walking.

Managing and Treating Diabetic Neuropathy :

While there is no cure for diabetic neuropathy, several treatments can help manage symptoms and prevent complications.

There are a number of treatments available for diabetic neuropathy, including medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes. Some medications that may be used to treat diabetic neuropathy include antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and pain relievers.

Physical therapy can also be helpful in treating diabetic neuropathy, as it can help improve strength, balance, and coordination in affected areas. Lifestyle changes such as maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and quitting smoking can also help improve symptoms of diabetic neuropathy.

5. Foot Care :

Proper foot care is crucial for those with peripheral neuropathy to prevent infections and injuries. This includes:

• Regularly inspecting your feet for cuts, blisters, redness, or swelling.
• Keeping your feet clean and dry.
• Wearing comfortable shoes that fit well and provide adequate support.
• Trimming toenails carefully.

Conclusion :

Diabetic neuropathy is a complex and challenging condition that requires careful management and regular medical attention. Dr. Ananda Sagari, with her extensive experience at KIMS Hospital and Apollo Medical Center, is dedicated to providing comprehensive care for patients with diabetes. By understanding the types and symptoms of diabetic neuropathy and following the recommended management strategies, patients can lead healthier, more comfortable lives.